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Population and Territory
The Heiltsuk traditionally occupied an area of about 15,540 km2 in the Central Coast, British Columbia. According to the Heiltsuk First Nation, their traditional territory “extends from the southern tip of Calvert Island, up Dean and Burke Channels as far as Kimsquit and the head of Dean Inlet to the northeast, and up the Mathieson and Finlayson Channels to the north. It includes Roscoe, Cousins and Spiller Inlets, and Ellerslie Lake, and the outer coast regions of Milbanke Sound, Queens Sound, and the Goose Island Group and Calvert.”
As of October 2021, there were 2,494 registered members of the Heiltsuk First Nation, 1,140 of whom live on reserve.
Pre-contact Life
Historically, Heiltsuk bands each had their own territory and possessed their own winter villages, head chiefs, ceremonial prerogatives and dialects. Winter villages consisted of large cedar plank houses with gabled rooves, double ridgepoles and carved interior posts. Bark houses were sometimes situated at camping sites. (See alsoArchitectural History of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) The Heiltsuk travelled mostly by cedar bark canoes distinctively designed for use in open ocean or lakes. They excelled in other woodworking skills including the manufacturing of bentwood boxes and chests.
The traditional Heiltsuk economy focused on the harvesting and preservation of wild fish, birds, land and sea mammals, marine invertebrates and plants; there were no domesticated plants or animals. In late winter, Heiltsuk families left the central winter villages and set out for annually occupied seasonal camps where food was prepared for storage, to be used during the winter ceremonial season. Movement between camps was geared to the availability of resources. What was not available locally was traded for with other Indigenous people. Marine resources were exchanged via the Heiltsuk with more interior communities, such as the Nuxalk and the Dakelh.
Society and Culture
Heiltsuk society was stratified into a hierarchy of five groups of people: head chief, chief, noble, commoner and low-class person. The upper classes maintained their status through the potlatch and ceremonial system in which chiefs called upon the resources of others to host dances and feasts. At these gatherings, hereditary prerogatives were displayed, and such rights were validated within and beyond Heiltsuk society.
Unlike their neighbours to the north, the Heiltsuk, along with First Nations to the south, traced their descent bilaterally, acquiring rights and membership in a particular group from either parent. Additionally, there were crest groups based on descent, similar to the clans of their northern neighbours. The crest groups were ranked, with Raven being the highest, followed by Eagle, Killer Whale (Orca) and Wolf. Each of these crest groups was represented in each Heiltsuk band. One of the obligations of the crest group was to perform memorial duties; such tasks went to the group associated with the father of the deceased.
Language
The Heiltsuk speak Hailhzaqvla (also simply called Heiltsuk), a Wakashan language shared also with the Haihais or Klemtu. The language is endangered; in the 2016 census, only 115 reported Heiltsuk as their mother tongue. Many of the fluent speakers are elders. While federal policies such as residential schools worked to erode the Heiltsuk language, the Heiltsuk First Nation actively promotes the teaching and preserving of the language. (See also Indigenous Languages in Canada).
Colonial History
First contact with Europeans likely occurred in the 1780s, although trade with the Heiltsuk did not become common for another decade. In the early 1800s, the Heiltsuk were active participants in the maritime fur trade. In 1833, the Hudson’s Bay Company established Fort McLoughlin on Campbell Island. This depot was dependent upon receiving furs obtained by the Heiltsuk through trade. The post closed in 1843, as the company’s steamship Beaver provided an expedient means of collecting furs, and therefore made the fort obsolete.
After the mid-1800s, the remnants of Heiltsuk communities, severely reduced in population due to a series of epidemic diseases, amalgamated at McLoughlin Bay. By the 1880s, the Heiltsuk population had decreased to around 200. In 1898, guided by Methodist missionaries, the population moved to the present-day site of Bella Bella.
Contemporary Life
In the 20th century, Bella Bella expanded into a prosperous community focused on participation in commercial fishing, herring roe and forestry industries. Today, an active ceremonial life binds the communities with the traditions of their ancestors and the diverse Indigenous population who live along the west coast of British Columbia. Potlatches continue to mark significant points in Heiltsuk family life.
On 13 October 2016, a tugboat carrying more than 200,000 litres of diesel sank off the coast of Bella Bella, in the territorial waters of the Heiltsuk First Nation. An estimated 100,000 litres of fuel leaked into the water, affecting wildlife, the environment and the people’s food supply. On 6 November, federal transportation minister Marc Garneau met with Heiltsuk leaders and promised that a ban on oil tanker traffic on the North Coast of British Columbia is in the works.
